Review of the presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in different bodies of water in Latin America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33414/rtyc.54.37-64.2025Keywords:
Emerging contaminants, ibuprofen, pharmaceuticals, reverse osmosis removal.m²Abstract
The presence of Emerging Contaminants (CE) in the environment, and especially in water, is mainly due to the daily and increasing use of personal care products (PCP), pharmaceuticals (PhAC) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC). EC, even in trace concentrations, can generate serious potential damage to health and ecosystems, including early developmental problems in children, neurological, neurological, DNA and thyroid disorders, as well as being associated with the occurrence of several types of cancer. Due to technological limitations, since most water treatment systems, not only in Latin America but also worldwide, use conventional treatments for their removal, a significant portion of EC are not eliminated. Likewise, they often go unnoticed, because most are difficult to detect, and there are technological and analytical infrastructure limitations in many countries, in addition to which, in most cases, nothing has been legislated in this regard. This paper analyzes the occurrence of PCP and PhAC in different water matrices in Latin America, to make known the problems that exist in terms of water contamination and thus raise awareness and the possible inclusion of these in environmental regulations.
Downloads
References
Alvim, G. M., de Oliveira, J. B., Morávia, M. C. S. A., & Binatti, I. (2025). A framework for the selection of wastewater treatment systems in pharmaceutical industries: an approach oriented by the types of pharmaceuticals produced. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-025-00582-z
Amado-Piña, D., Romero, R., Salazar Carmona, E., Ramírez-Serrano, A., Gómez-Oliván, L. M., Elizalde-Velázquez, G., & Natividad, R. (2024). Photo-Fenton Treatment under UV and Vis Light Reduces Pollution and Toxicity in Water from Madín Dam, Mexico. Catalysts, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14090620
Anagnostopoulou, K., Evgenidou, E., Alampanos, V., & Lambropoulou, D. A. (2025). High-resolution mass spectrometry approaches for screening persistent and Mobile organic compounds in wastewaters: Target analysis, suspect analysis and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178777
Aristizabal-Ciro, C., Botero-Coy, A. M., López, F. J., & Peñuela, G. A. (2017). Monitoring pharmaceuticals and personal care products in reservoir water used for drinking water supply. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(8), 7335–7347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8253-1
Ashraf, M., Ahammad, S. Z., & Chakma, S. (2023). Advancements in the dominion of fate and transport of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment—a bibliometric study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(23), 64313–64341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26796-7
Baracchini, C., Messager, L., Stocker, P., & Leignel, V. (2024). The Impacts of the Multispecies Approach to Caffeine on Marine Invertebrates. Toxics, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010029
Beamud, S. G., Fernández, H., Nichela, D., Crego, M. P., Gonzalez‐Polo, M., Latini, L., & Temporetti, P. (2024). Occurrence of pharmaceutical micropollutants in lake nahuel huapi, Argentine Patagonia. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 43((6)), 1274–1284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5859
Bertrand, L., Iturburu, F. G., Valdés, M. E., Menone, M. L., & Amé, M. V. (2023). Risk evaluation and prioritization of contaminants of emerging concern and other organic micropollutants in two river basins of central Argentina. Science of the Total Environment, 878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163029
Bisognin, R. P., Wolff, D. B., Carissimi, E., Prestes, O. D., & Zanella, R. (2021). Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in effluent and sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in Brazil. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 42(15), 2292–2303. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1701561
Bloom, G., Merrett, G. B., Wilkinson, A., Lin, V., & Paulin, S. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance and universal health coverage. BMJ Global Health, 2(4), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000518
Cacua-Ortiz, S. M., Aguirre, N. J., & Peñuela, G. A. (2020). Methyl Paraben and Carbamazepine in Water and Striped Catfish (Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum) in the Cauca and Magdalena Rivers. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 105(6), 819–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-03028-z
Carballa, M., Omil, F., Lema, J. M., Llompart, M., García-Jares, C., Rodríguez, I., Gómez, M., & Ternes, T. (2004). Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant. Water Research, 38(12), 2918–2926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.029
Chinnaiyan, P., Thampi, S. G., Kumar, M., & Mini, K. M. (2018). Pharmaceutical products as emerging contaminant in water: relevance for developing nations and identification of critical compounds for Indian environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 5(190), 288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6672-9
Cipriani-Avila, I., Molinero, J., Cabrera, M., Medina-Villamizar, E. J., Capparelli, M. V., Jara-Negrete, E., Pinos-Velez, V., Acosta, S., Andrade, D. L., Barrado, M., & Mogollón, N. G. S. (2023). Occurrence of emerging contaminants in surface water bodies of a coastal province in Ecuador and possible influence of tourism decline caused by COVID-19 lockdown. Science of the Total Environment, 866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161340
Conceicao, K. C., Villamar-Ayala, C. A., Plaza-Garrido, A., & Toledo-Neira, C. (2023). Seasonal behavior of pharmaceuticals and personal care products within Chilean rural WWTPs under COVID-19 pandemic conditions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110984
Dafouz, R., Cáceres, N., Rodríguez-Gil, J. L., Mastroianni, N., López de Alda, M., Barceló, D., de Miguel, Á. G., & Valcárcel, Y. (2018). Does the presence of caffeine in the marine environment represent an environmental risk? A regional and global study. Science of the Total Environment, 615, 632–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.155
Dai, W., Pang, J. W., Ding, J., Wang, Y. Q., Zhang, L. Y., Ren, N. Q., & Yang, S. S. (2023). Study on the removal characteristics and degradation pathways of highly toxic and refractory organic pollutants in real pharmaceutical factory wastewater treated by a pilot-scale integrated process. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128233
Dawood, A., Drage, D. S., Harrad, S., & Abdallah, M. A.-E. (2024). Concentrations, partitioning and ecological risk of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in UK freshwater sediment. Environmental Pollution and Management, 1, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epm.2024.08.006
de Araujo, F. G., Bauerfeldt, G. F., Cunha, D. L., Martins, E. M., & Marques, M. (2025). Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products and Plasticizers in Surface Water and Environmental Risk Assessment: Guandu River Basin, Rio de Janeiro/Brazil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 236(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-08028-5
Delgado, N., Bermeo, L., Hoyos, D. A., Peñuela, G. A., Capparelli, A., Marino, D., Navarro, A., & Casas-Zapata, J. C. (2020). Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products using subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetlands. Water Research, 187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116448
Ebele, A. J., Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, M., & Harrad, S. (2017). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment. Emerging Contaminants, 3(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004
Elliott, S. M., Krall, A. L., de Lambert, J. R., Gilchrist, M. D., & Robertson, S. W. (2025). Emerging Contaminants in Source and Finished Drinking Waters Across Minnesota (U.S.) and Potential Health Implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22070976
Eryildiz, B., Yavuzturk Gul, B., & Koyuncu, I. (2022). A sustainable approach for the removal methods and analytical determination methods of antiviral drugs from water/wastewater: A review. In Journal of Water Process Engineering (Vol. 49). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103036
Espíndola, J. C., & Vilar, V. J. P. (2020). Innovative light-driven chemical/catalytic reactors towards contaminants of emerging concern mitigation: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 394(March), 124865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124865
Fakhri B, M. S., Ghassemi Barghi, N., Moradnia Mehdikhanmahaleh, M., Raeis Zadeh, S. M. M., Mousavi, T., Rezaee, R., Daghighi, M., & Abdollahi, M. (2024). Pharmaceutical wastewater toxicity: An ignored threat to the public health. In Sustainable Environment (Vol. 10, Issue 1). Taylor and Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2024.2322821
Feng, G., Lu, G.-H., Liu, J.-C., Gai, N., Chen, H.-L., Tang, Q.-F., & Yang, Y.-L. (2025). Occurrence, migration, and risk assessment of PPCPs in water bodies and sediments of river-type drinking water sources in eastern China. https://doi.org/10.31035/cg2025025
Finoto Viana, L., do Amaral Crispim, B., Kummrow, F., Alice de Lima, N., Amaral Dias, M., Carolina Montagner, C., Henrique Gentil Pereira, R., de Barros, A., & Barufatti, A. (2023). Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern and their risks to the Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense aquatic biota, Brazil. Chemosphere, 337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139429
Fontana, M. (2025). Los medicamentos y su huella ambiental: estudio exploratorio de la gestión de sus residuos en una ciudad argentina. Revista de Ciencias Ambientales, 59(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15359/rca.59-2.2
Franzoni, R. M., Bernardelli, J. K. B., Silveira, D. D., Gomes, S. D., Lapolli, F. R., Carvalho, K. Q. de, & Passig, F. H. (2024). Performance of an anaerobic–oxic–anoxic (AOA) system in the simultaneous removal of nutrients and triclosan and bacterial community. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 45(3), 544–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2022.2114859
Frazão, L. R., Penninck, S. B., Signori, C. N., & Lopes, R. M. (2025). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the coastal zone of Ubatuba (Brazil): An ecological and touristic hotspot facing high contamination. Science of the Total Environment, 973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179167
Furlong, E. T., Batt, A. L., Glassmeyer, S. T., Noriega, M. C., Kolpin, D. W., Mash, H., & Schenck, K. M. (2017). Nationwide reconnaissance of contaminants of emerging concern in source and treated drinking waters of the United States: Pharmaceuticals. Science of the Total Environment, 579, 1629–1642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.128
González-Acevedo, Z. I., García-Zarate, M. A., & Flores-Lugo, I. P. (2019). Emerging contaminants and nutrients in a saline aquifer of a complex environment. Environmental Pollution, 244, 885–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.104
Gupta, S. K., Rachna, Singh, B., Mungray, A. K., Bharti, R., Nema, A. K., Pant, K. K., & Mulla, S. I. (2022). Bioelectrochemical technologies for removal of xenobiotics from wastewater. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101652
He, K., Borthwick, A. G., Lin, Y., Li, Y., Fu, J., Wong, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Sale-based estimation of pharmaceutical concentrations and associated environmental risk in the Japanese wastewater system. Environment International, 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105690
Heredia, A. C., Cabrera-Peralta, J., Ocaña-Rios, I., & Peña-Alvarez, A. (2023). Simple and rapid preparation of homemade SPME PDMS fibers and their application to the analysis of personal care products in water samples. Chemical Papers, 77(4), 2039–2049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02608-z
Huerta, B., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Nannou, C., Nakis, L., Ruhí, A., Acuña, V., Sabater, S., & Barcelo, D. (2016). Determination of a broad spectrum of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in biofilm from a waste water treatment plant-impacted river. Science of the Total Environment, 540, 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.049
Ide, A. H., Osawa, R. A., Marcante, L. O., da Costa Pereira, J., & de Azevedo, J. C. R. (2017). Occurrence of Pharmaceutical Products, Female Sex Hormones and Caffeine in a Subtropical Region in Brazil. Clean - Soil, Air, Water, 45(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201700334
Inostroza, P. A., Jessen, G. L., Li, F., Zhang, X., Brack, W., & Backhaus, T. (2025). Multi-compartment impact of micropollutants and particularly antibiotics on bacterial communities using environmental DNA at river basin-level. Environmental Pollution, 366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125487
Joseph, G. V., Pascal, V. P., Paladini, D. A., Varrassi, G., Pergolizzi, J. V, Dowling, P., & Paladini, A. (2019). Ibuprofen Safety at the Golden Anniversary: Are all NSAIDs the Same? A Narrative Review. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.10075727
Kamali, M., Aminabhavi, T. M., V. Costa, M. E., Ul Islam, S., Appels, L., & Dewil, R. (2023). Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies for the Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20806-5
Kisielius, V., Äystö, L., Lehtinen, T., Kharel, S., Stapf, M., Zhiteneva, V., Perkola, N., & Bester, K. (2024). Pharmaceutical emissions on the example of the Baltic Sea catchment: comparing measurements with multi-tier predictive models. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134998
Lange, F. T., Scheurer, M., & Brauch, H. J. (2012). Artificial sweeteners-A recently recognized class of emerging environmental contaminants: A review. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 403(9), 2503–2518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5892-z
Lesser, L. E., Mora, A., Moreau, C., Mahlknecht, J., Hernández-Antonio, A., Ramírez, A. I., & Barrios-Piña, H. (2018). Survey of 218 organic contaminants in groundwater derived from the world’s largest untreated wastewater irrigation system: Mezquital Valley, Mexico. Chemosphere, 198, 510–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.154
Li, W., Gao, L., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, J., & Cai, Y. (2016). Spatial distribution, temporal variation and risks of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in urban surface water in Beijing, China. Science of the Total Environment, 539, 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.150
Li, X., Shen, X., Jiang, W., Xi, Y., & Li, S. (2024). Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies, environmental impact, and management strategies. In Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (Vol. 278). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116420
Locatelli, M. A. F., Sodré, F. F., & Jardim, W. F. (2011). Determination of antibiotics in brazilian surface waters using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60(3), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9550-1
Loganathan, P., Vigneswaran, S., Kandasamy, J., Cuprys, A. K., Maletskyi, Z., & Ratnaweera, H. (2023). Treatment Trends and Combined Methods in Removing Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Wastewater—A Review. Membranes, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020158
Madeira, C. L., Acayaba, R. D. A., Santos, V. S., Villa, J. E. L., Jacinto-Hernández, C., Azevedo, J. A. T., Elias, V. O., & Montagner, C. C. (2023). Uncovering the impact of agricultural activities and urbanization on rivers from the Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí basin in São Paulo, Brazil: A survey of pesticides, hormones, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and PFAS. Chemosphere, 341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139954
Madikizela, L. M., & Chimuka, L. (2017). Occurrence of naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac residues in wastewater and river water of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6069-1
Mahesh, N., Shyamalagowri, S., Pavithra, M. K. S., Alodhayb, A., Alarifi, N., Aravind, J., Kamaraj, M., & Balakumar, S. (2023). Viable remediation techniques to cleansing wastewaters comprising endocrine-disrupting compounds. Environmental Research, 231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116245
Mahmood, T., Momin, S., Ali, R., Naeem, A., & Khan, A. (2022). Technologies for Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater. Wastewater Treatment, 104466. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104466
Maroneze, M. M., Zepka, L. Q., Vieira, J. G., Queiroz, M. I., & Jacob-Lopes, E. (2014). A tecnologia de remoção de fósforo: Gerenciamento do elemento em resíduos industriais. Revista Ambiente e Agua, 9(3), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.4136/1980-993X
Mizukawa, A., Molins-Delgado, D., de Azevedo, J. C. R., Fernandes, C. V. S., Díaz-Cruz, S., & Barceló, D. (2017). Sediments as a sink for UV filters and benzotriazoles: the case study of Upper Iguaçu watershed, Curitiba (Brazil). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(22), 18284–18294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9472-9
Montagner, C. C., & Jardim, W. F. (2011). Spatial and seasonal variations of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in the Atibaia River, São Paulo State (Brazil). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 22(8), 1452–1462. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532011000800008
Nawaz, T., & Sengupta, S. (2018). Chapter 4 - Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Occurrence, Fate, and Remediation. In Advances in Water Purification Techniques: Meeting the Needs of Developed and Developing Countries. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814790-0.00004-1
Nieto-Juárez, J. I., Sarzosa-Cano, N. R., Serna-Galvis, E. A., Torres-Palma, R. A., Fabregat-Safont, D., Botero-Coy, A. M., & Hernández, F. (2025). Evaluation of contaminants of emerging concern in surface waters (rivers and lake) from Peru: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment. Environment International, 200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109522
Nieto-Juárez, J. I., Torres-Palma, R. A., Botero-Coy, A. M., & Hernández, F. (2021). Pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment in municipal wastewater treatment plants and rivers from Peru. Environment International, 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106674
Nishmitha, P. S., Akhilghosh, K. A., Aiswriya, V. P., Ramesh, A., Muthuchamy, M., & Muthukumar, A. (2025). Understanding emerging contaminants in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review on detection, impacts, and solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100755
Oluwole, A. O., Omotola, E. O., & Olatunji, O. S. (2020). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water and wastewater: a review of treatment processes and use of photocatalyst immobilized on functionalized carbon in AOP degradation. In BMC Chemistry (Vol. 14, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-020-00714-1
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2021). La resistencia antimicrobiana pone en riesgo la salud mundial. https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/3-3-2021-resistencia-antimicrobiana-pone-riesgo-salud-mundial
Osorio, V., Larrañaga, A., Aceña, J., Pérez, S., & Barceló, D. (2016). Concentration and risk of pharmaceuticals in freshwater systems are related to the population density and the livestock units in Iberian Rivers. Science of the Total Environment, 540, 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.143
Patrolecco, L., Capri, S., & Ademollo, N. (2015). Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in the principal sewage treatment plants in Rome (Italy) and in the receiving surface waters. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(8), 5864–5876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3765-z
Pereira, C. D. S., Maranho, L. A., Cortez, F. S., Pusceddu, F. H., Santos, A. R., Ribeiro, D. A., Cesar, A., & Guimarães, L. L. (2016). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in a Brazilian coastal zone. Science of the Total Environment, 548–549, 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.051
Pisetta, A. M., Roveri, V., Guimarães, L. L., de Oliveira, T. M. N., & Correia, A. T. (2022). First report on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the coastal waters of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and its related ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(42), 63099–63111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20312-z
Pompei, C. M. E., Campos, L. C., Vieira, E. M., & Tucci, A. (2022). The impact of micropollutants on native algae and cyanobacteria communities in ecological filters during drinking water treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153401
Porto, R. S., Rodrigues-Silva, C., Schneider, J., & Rath, S. (2019). Benzimidazoles in wastewater: Analytical method development, monitoring and degradation by photolysis and ozonation. Journal of Environmental Management, 232(May 2018), 729–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.121
Poynton, H. C., & Robinson, W. E. (2018). Contaminants of Emerging Concern, With an Emphasis on Nanomaterials and Pharmaceuticals. In Green Chemistry: An Inclusive Approach. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809270-5.00012-1
Puga, A., Soares, C., del Álamo, A. C., Pariente, M. I., Molina, R., Martínez, F., Sanromán, M. A., Pazos, M. M., & Delerue-Matos, C. (2024). Efficient carbamazepine removal from wastewater using a continuous three-dimensional electro-Fenton system at natural pH. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105690
Ramírez-Morales, D., Masís-Mora, M., Beita-Sandí, W., Montiel-Mora, J. R., Fernández-Fernández, E., Méndez-Rivera, M., Arias-Mora, V., Leiva-Salas, A., Brenes-Alfaro, L., & Rodríguez-Rodríguez, C. E. (2021). Pharmaceuticals in farms and surrounding surface water bodies: Hazard and ecotoxicity in a swine production area in Costa Rica. Chemosphere, 272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129574
Reichert, G., Hilgert, S., Fuchs, S., & Azevedo, J. C. R. (2019). Emerging contaminants and antibiotic resistance in the different environmental matrices of Latin America. Environmental Pollution, 255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113140
Richardson, S. D., & Kimura, S. Y. (2017). Emerging environmental contaminants: Challenges facing our next generation and potential engineering solutions. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 8, 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2017.04.002
Rico, A., de Oliveira, R., de Souza Nunes, G. S., Rizzi, C., Villa, S., López-Heras, I., Vighi, M., & Waichman, A. V. (2021). Pharmaceuticals and other urban contaminants threaten Amazonian freshwater ecosystems. Environment International, 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106702
Ríos-Sossa, R., García-Londoño, J. J., Gil-Ramírez, D., Patiño, A. C., Cardona-Maya, W. D., Quintana-Castillo, J. C., & Narváez-Valderrama, J. F. (2022). Assessment of Levonorgestrel Leaching in a Landfill and Its Effects on Placental Cell Lines and Sperm Cells. Water (Switzerland), 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060871
Ritter, L., Solomon, K., Sibley, P., Hall, K., Keen, P., Mattu, G., & Linton, B. (2002). Sources, pathways, and relative risks of contaminants in surface water and groundwater: A perspective prepared for the Walkerton inquiry. In Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A (Vol. 65, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1080/152873902753338572
Robledo Zacarías, V. H., Velázquez Machuca, M. A., Montañez Soto, J. L., Pimentel Equihua, J. L., Vallejo Cardona, A. A., López Calvillo, M. D., & Venegas González, J. (2017). Hidroquímica y contaminantes emergentes en aguas residuales urbano industriales de Morelia, Michoacán, México. Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental, 33(2), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.2017.33.02.04
Rodriguez-Narvaez, O. M., Peralta-Hernandez, J. M., Goonetilleke, A., & Bandala, E. R. (2017). Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in water: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 323, 361–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.106
Roveri, V., Guimarães, L. L., Toma, W., & Correia, A. T. (2022a). Occurrence, ecological risk assessment and prioritization of pharmaceuticals and abuse drugs in estuarine waters along the São Paulo coast, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(59), 89712–89726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21945-w
Roveri, V., Guimarães, L. L., Toma, W., & Correia, A. T. (2022b). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the urban drainage channels located on the outskirts of the São Vicente Island (São Paulo, Brazil) and related ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(38), 57931–57945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19736-4
Roveri, V., Lopes Guimarães, L., Toma, W., & Correia, A. T. (2021). Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the urban drainage channels of Santos beaches (São Paulo, Brazil): a neglected, but sensitive issue. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 28(46). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15249-8/Published
Salgado Costa, C., Rimoldi, F., Peluso, M. L., & Demetrio, P. (2023). Linking environmental exposure and effects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic biota: state of knowledge in Latin America. In Water Emerging Contaminants and Nanoplastics (Vol. 2, Issue 2). OAE Publishing Inc. https://doi.org/10.20517/wecn.2023.08
Samal, K., Mahapatra, S., & Hibzur Ali, M. (2022). Pharmaceutical wastewater as Emerging Contaminants (EC): Treatment technologies, impact on environment and human health. In Energy Nexus (Vol. 6). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100076
Santos, M. M. dos, Brehm, F. de A., Filippe, T. C., Knapik, H. G., & Azevedo, J. C. R. de. (2016). Occurrence and risk assessment of parabens and triclosan in surface waters of southern Brazil: a problem of emerging compounds in an emerging country. Rbrh, 21(3), 603–617. https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.011616018
Singh, G., Singh, A., Singh, P., Gupta, A., Shukla, R., & Mishra, V. K. (2020). Sources, fate, and impact of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment and their different treatment technologies. In Microbe Mediated Remediation of Environmental Contaminants (pp. 391–407). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821199-1.00029-8
Ślósarczyk, K., Wolny, F., & Witkowski, A. J. (2025). Monitoring pharmaceuticals and personal care products to assess water quality changes and pollution sources in a drinking water reservoir catchment. Water Resources and Industry, 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2025.100283
Soriano, Y., Carmona, E., Renovell, J., Picó, Y., Brack, W., Krauss, M., Backhaus, T., & Inostroza, P. A. (2024). Co-occurrence and spatial distribution of organic micropollutants in surface waters of the River Aconcagua and Maipo basins in Central Chile. Science of the Total Environment, 954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176314
Starling, M. C. V. M., Amorim, C. C., & Leão, M. M. D. (2019). Occurrence, control and fate of contaminants of emerging concern in environmental compartments in Brazil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 372(April 2018), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.043
Tlili, I., Caria, G., Ouddane, B., Ghorbel-Abid, I., Ternane, R., Trabelsi-Ayadi, M., & Net, S. (2016). Simultaneous detection of antibiotics and other drug residues in the dissolved and particulate phases of water by an off-line SPE combined with on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS: Method development and application. Science of the Total Environment, 563–564, 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.101
Tran, N. H., Reinhard, M., & Gin, K. Y. H. (2018). Occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plants from different geographical regions-a review. Water Research, 133, 182–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.029
Valdez-Carrillo, M., Abrell, L., Ramírez-Hernández, J., Reyes-López, J. A., & Carreón-Diazconti, C. (2020). Pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment of Latin America: a review. In Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Vol. 27, Issue 36, pp. 44863–44891). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10842-9
Wang, F., Xiang, L., Sze-Yin Leung, K., Elsner, M., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Pan, B., Sun, H., An, T., Ying, G., Brooks, B. W., Hou, D., Helbling, D. E., Sun, J., Qiu, H., Vogel, T. M., Zhang, W., Gao, Y., Simpson, M. J., … Tiedje, J. M. (2024). Emerging contaminants: A One Health perspective. In Innovation (Vol. 5, Issue 4). Cell Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100612
You, L., Nguyen, V. T., Pal, A., Chen, H., He, Y., Reinhard, M., & Gin, K. Y. H. (2015). Investigation of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting chemicals in a tropical urban catchment and the influence of environmental factors. Science of the Total Environment, 536, 955–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.041
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Marcela Alvarez Bayona, Maria Angelica Alvarez Bayona
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
